SUSTAINABLE PUBLIC TRANSPORT
eBuses 100 % Electric (Batteries and Ultracapacitors)
The
Public Transport is facing some main challenges for the next coming years that
must be considered in the increasing process to change to a more sustainable
transport operation in the cities (information shared by ZeEUS
reports):
The higher cost of the complete electric buses (eBuses), the eBus
itself and their charging infrastructure compared to internal combustion engine buses.
The relevance of identifying
sustainable technology solutions, considering its Operation and Maintenance
(O&M) for the specific and local context.
The necessity to review current procurement
and contractual frameworks; warranty conditions (overall for batteries), but
also for spare parts, the conditions of (O&M) of the charging
infrastructure and the eBus, and the training for workers in task of
maintenance and the safe handling of new high voltage electric vehicles
(isolation measurements with direct and indirect methods, occupational risk,
etc.).
The requisite to standardise
charging infrastructure, for the opportunity charging, the flash by pantograph,
and the depot charging by the actual standards with CCS-Combo in type 1 or 2 (CharIn) or the CHAdeMO standard), the communication interfaces of the chargers with the
vehicle (CAN Bus, Control Pilot, etc.), to ensure the interoperability of
eBuses, allowing multibrands fleets to recharge with multi-brands
infrastructure (like there is with Electric Vehicles Charging Infrastructure
with the standard IEC 61851 and the protocol OCPP for O&M).
The need to have a trustful
cooperation with the electric industry; TSO, DSO, Electricity generators and
energy regulators.
I.
Regarding
the point one, the next lines are to expose the State of the Art of eBuses and
charging infrastructure applied to Public Transport in cities
· Electric Buses (eBus in its different
storage technologies: electric batteries and ultracapacitors)
· Electric Buses Charging Stations
(Wired and Wireless charging)
1.
Electric Buses (eBus)
Nowadays it is
possible to find several eBuses OEM in USA, China and Europe with storage
systems in its different technologies (Electric batteries and Ultra-capacitors
(Uc)).
·
Proterra (Battery Storage System // Own Chargers:
CCS-Combo Type 1 and Pantograph)
·
New Flyer
(Battery Storage System // Own Chargers: Pantograph by overheat gantry,
shop charger or portable)
·
VDL (Battery Storage System // Own Chargers:
CCS-combo and pantograph)
·
Irizar (Battery
Storage System // Own Chargers: CCS Combo Type 1 or 2 (125 A – 7 hours) and
pantograph)
·
Caetanobus (Battery
Storage System // Chargers: AC three-phase (7 hours) and DC at 150 kW (1 hour)
·
Solaris (Battery Storage System // Own Chargers:
pantograph)
·
Skoda Electric (Battery
Storage System // Own Chargers: low-charging and fast-charging by pantograph)
·
SPOL (Battery Storage System // Own Chargers:
low-charging (32 A) and fast-charging (250 A))
·
Vectia
Mobility (Battery Storage System // Own Chargers: fast-charging by pantograph)
·
Optare (Battery
Storage System // Chargers: fast-charging)
·
BYD (Battery
Storage System // Chargers: charging 125 A three-phase)
·
Chariot
eBus (Ultracaps (Uc*) Storage System //
Own Chargers: Pantograph)
*Uc: not flamable and unlimited number of
charging cycles / Less autonomy than electric batteries, necessity to install more
chargers (of course depending of the route, number of passengers, average
temperature in summer, etc).
·
Vanhool (Battery Storage System)
·
Ebusco (Battery
Storage System // Chargers: Fast-charging)
·
Evopro (Battery Storage System // Chargers:
Fast-charging) – (Charging OEM)
·
Rampini (Battery Storage System // Chargers:
possibility Fast-charging)
· Temsa Global (Battery Storage System // Chargers: 130 kWh
DC Charger (2 hours) and possibility Standard Fast-charging 50 kW)
·
Ursus Bus (Battery Storage System // Chargers: 30 kW
three-phase (5 hours))
·
Linkker (Battery
Storage System // Chargers: 43 kW three-phase, 350 kW pantograph)
·
Yutong (Battery
Storage System)
·
Hunan (Battery Storage System)
2.
Electric Buses (eBus)
Charging Stations
Some of the
eBus OEM produce its own charging stations to supply power to the eBuses (in
normal conditions; in the parking, depot charging with standard charging
infrastructure, and in the opportunity charging; e.g.: flash-charging, normally
by pantograph or by Wireless charging).
·
Ekoenergetyka
(Flash-charging (following OppCharge*) and standard charging stations)
·
Chargepoint (Standard charging stations)
·
Alstom SRS (wireless eBus charging)
·
Common interface between charging station and vehicles, based on the car
industry CCS Standard (CharIn).
· Charging power at 150, 300 and 450 kW.
· Pantograph attached to the pylon makes it possible to use a
cost-effective solution that adds Little weight to the bus roof.
· Conductive Charging using current collectors, with communication between
the bus and charging station vie Wi-Fi.
· Among the manufacturers supporting OppCharge are charging infrastructure
providers ABB, Heliox and Siemens, and bus manufacturers Ebusco, Iveco, Solaris
and Volvo.
Points to
consider in the election of the eBus and the type and number of points of the
charging infrastructure:
· Regarding the line where it will be
to implement the 100 % eBus. It Is very important to consider the distance, the
number of persons who take the line, average temperatura, and the autonomy of
the eBus.
· The possibility to acquire a
multibrand chargers which works with different eBuses (for future
implementation)
